In recent decade, a disputable topic in the realm of international migration has been sending REMITTANCE to communities of origin. Having pessimistic viewpoint in migration phenomenon, some theoreticians seem to support the hypothesis that migration sustains or even reinforce problems of communities of origin instead of reverse.They believe that REMITTANCE deepen poverty and exacerbate inequalities in migrant sending societies. Moreover, the main “positive” effect of migration, the increase in family welfare for migrants and their families, is considered to be dangerous; because REMITTANCEs are supposed to be unstable and temporary source of revenue. Migration pessimists have also argued that REMITTANCEs are rarely invested in productive enterprises. Many theoreticians, however, have a positive view toward REMITTANCE issue which will be discussed in this essay. Statistics related to migration also will be mentioned. And at last, migration and REMITTANCE status based on Iranian immigrants in GCC countries will be investigated.

There are various links and relations among cities and rural regions. One of the most important ones is considered to be money and finance exchanges. Migrants' REMITTANCE and their investment in rural regions is one of suitable ways to investment and delivering capital to rural regions that may play a key role in growth and development of rural regions. Nowadays, this issue has especial importance but until now has not been addressed well in Iran. Accordingly, this study indicates the role of rural immigrants' investment in the process of development of rural regions of Ramsheh. The research method of this article is field survey and the tools of research are questionnaires, interviews and observations. Achieved results show that migrants' REMITTANCE has had an important role in growth and development of these regions.

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the newly formed independent states believed that their economic problems are rooted from the communist economic policies. Thus, they leaned towards free market economic system. The movement of such nations during the economic transition period has a close relationship with globalization. Globalization itself has close ties with players in the international economic arena. Countries that have the highest potential for attracting these players can make the most profit during this process. In this essay, we examine the indices of foreign direct investment, foreign trade, LABOR REMITTANCE, and social development in Kazakhstan. By studying Kazakhstan Qualitative and quantitative statistics, we concluded that Kazakhstan was more successful in attaining the indexes of globalization and these indexes had greater effect on the social development of this country compared with other countries in Central Asia. With greater economic freedom, Kazakhstan has experienced great social-economic development.

Nowadays, the international immigrants' REMITTANCE can be considered as one of the biggest and most sustainable financial and investment aspects in the developing countries, which by directing and utilizing correctly in the other sectors of the economy, sociocultural, physical, and etc., this can have a significant effect on the development and the improvement of the life quality indicators of the inhabitants of the origin regions. The present study, aimed at analyzing and examining the effect of the international immigrants' REMITTANCE of the work force on the life quality of some residents of southern Fars province, is practical and developmental in the terms of purpose, and is descriptive and analytical in the terms of matter and method. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect information. In this regard, questionnaires were arranged in four indicators based on Likert scale and distributed randomly among citizens. Statistical population of the study consisted of 18141 households from of 17 villages and 3 cities of the region, which of these households, 314 families have been selected as the sample size based on the Cochran formula. The analysis of the questionnaire was carried out using descriptive and analytical statistical methods including the tests of T, Pearson, multivariate regression and path analysis. The results show that there is a meaningful and direct relationship between the immigrants' REMITTANCE and the life quality of the residents of the region. Also, the results of multivariate regression and path analysis indicate that the immigrants' REMITTANCE has a strong positive relation with the life quality by a coefficient of 0. 830; and the index of the career and income opportunities has the most effects on the improvement of the life quality indicators by the impact factor of 0. 573.

This article is a preliminary attempt to compile the available information on migration dynamics in Iran to shed light on its relationship with poverty. It argues that whereas the influx of Afghans and Iraqis to Iran as refugees and irregular workers has allowed them to escape the war and misery back home, it has also made a large number of them into the urban poor in Iran. It also discussed the migration trends among Iran highly skilled LABOR force and their effects on poverty levels in the country. It shows that whereas their absence from the Iranian economy has most likely resulted in increased poverty, their REMITTANCEs are too small to offset the effect. The article concludes with a set of recommendations on public policy.

This study examined the effect of REMITTANCE inflows on human development in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member countries from 1990 to 2018. The study applied second-generation techniques. Based on the results of the second-generation unit roots test, our variables had mixed stationarity. In addition, the result of the Westerlund cointegration technique showed that long-run relationships exist among the variables. In addition, the long-run and short-run coefficients from Dynamic Common Correlated Effects (DCCE) and Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributive Lags (CS-ARDL) techniques revealed that REMITTANCEs inflows promote human development. Moreover, it was revealed that financial development and foreign direct investment inflows positively impact human development, while the short-run coefficients were statistically insignificant. The causality test results showed a unidirectional causal link between REMITTANCE inflows and human development and between financial development and human development. In contrast, a bidirectional causal link was demonstrated between foreign direct investment and human development. Therefore, the study concluded that REMITTANCE inflows promote human development in OIC member countries. The policymakers in OIC should consider policies that will attract migrant workers to send REMITTANCEs to their home country.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to determine some of the maternal risk factors that lead to preterm delivery. Recognizing these risk factors makes it possible to prevent preterm LABORs as the most frequent cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical research study. The data were collected from the recorded information in the files of mothers and preterm neonates that had been born in Bahman 22nd and Shahrivar 17th Hospitals in Mashhad during 2007-2009. The case group consists of 360 preterm deliveries (before week 37th of gestation). The control group consists of 360 term deliveries (after week 37th of gestation). In this study, some of the maternal risk factors leading to preterm LABOR were taken into consideration. The criteria selected were: maternity age, previous abortions, number of previous pregnancies, preeclampsia, the number and gender of fetuses, diabetes and bacterial vaginitis. Also, UTI, the premature rupture of membrane (PROM) was extracted from the registration records. Using SPSS, the two groups were compared and the data were analyzed with the method of chi- square test.Results: In this study, the prevalence rate of preterm LABOR was estimated as 6.1%. The findings suggest that maternal risk factors, such as diabetes, UTI, maternity age, the number of previous pregnancies and the gender of fetus did not cause any significant difference between the groups of the study, but we found significant p-value for the risk factors, such as bacterial vaginitis, PROM, preeclampsia, previous abortions, and the number of fetuses. Conclusion: We can reduce the incidence of preterm LABOR as a result of which the rate of morbidity and mortality of preterm neonates would decrease. This can be materialize  through early diagnosis and treatment of maternal genitourinary infections, prevention of premature rupture (PROM) and preeclampsia as well as preventing repeated abortions and iatrogenic multiple gestation with induction of ovulation.